Reconciliation Of Personal, Cultural, Organizational And Ethical Values Essay

The qualities and morals individuals convey in their own and expert life are significant determinants of their development and improvement. The possible achievement of an individual is acknowledged through self comprehension and realization and not through tireless control of material assets. Effective compromise of individual, hierarchical, and social qualities and morals require various techniques, some of which are talked about underneath Communication: Correspondence is requires towards foundation of compatibility with each differing gathering. Individuals inside an enormous association contrast not just from their social, strict, and social directions, yet additionally from their expert direction and interests. These distinctions augment when various useful units of an association, with their ways of thinking and approach towards work, are required to experience innovation amalgamation (Harris, 1993). These distinctions regularly lead to clashes in the individual and social worth framework, which lead to struggle at work environment, trouble in close to home and expert life and issues in incorporation with the hierarchical arrangement (on the same page). Correspondence is the way to determine this gridlock, without bringing on any opposing and negative emotions. Individuals ought to know that associations are reliant on effective coordination among number of groups and individuals. Thus they should attempt to start gauges that would abstain from anticipating any contention or encounter in interests inside the association. They should be touchy to each other’s ethnic, social, strict and singular foundations and comprehend their perspectives as entirety of their self-awareness Sometimes individuals detest assessments of others, include their personality and stop to participate, facilitate or comprehend the need to acclimatize their youngsters and seniors to accomplish authoritative objectives (Swanson, 2005). A fruitful correspondence methodology will viably address these issues at their origin point and guarantee that they don't develop as any critical hindrance in ideological converging of different social gatherings (Rahim, 2001). Guaranteeing Interconnectedness Understanding the aggregate obligation and energy about cooperation and gathering connection is vital in inserting the worth culture that helps in the compromise approach. This would help individuals to come out of their individual shells and get incorporated with their associates (Harris, 1993; Rahim, 2001). Understanding characteristic authoritative logical inconsistencies It is critical to show individuals perceiving and regarding that logical inconsistency happens in others, their experience and conditions, their view focuses, their ideological foundation and their worth based framework. Understanding the job of emergencies A convenient acknowledgment that emergencies and clashes are inbuilt of part of life and progress is accomplished by fusing them in the way of thinking towards life ought to have the option to show individuals that over all the things, they require agreement, and collaboration for things to effectively work (Rahim, 2001) Kinship with others The correspondence master ought to explicitly weight on building affiliations and help in understanding that each one is significant and merits equivalent regard from others. It is the principal prerequisite of building solid and enduring bonds inside any association. At the point when individuals are composed in groups, they share comparable objectives and they move in the direction of joint development and advancement (Harris, 1993; Rahim, 2001). Regarding the resistance. It instructs about accepting resistance as useful inconsistency, rather than review it in negative viewpoint. A valuable resistance consistently helps in discovering botches in one’s own methodology, redress them and push forward effectively. Exchange: A significant part of correspondence the executives is arrangement which has gotten significant inside hierarchical and social arrangements. As. Exchange, requires invested individuals to exchange recommendations for settlement. For the most part the procedure of arrangement continues through thought processes that are serious, integrative, agreeable and composite (Levy, 1999) . The methodology of correspondence in the whole procedure of arrangement is worried about the messages that are moved among mediators and the concerned gatherings. Compromise of Ethics Business and morals are constantly viewed as inverse to one another. The general origination of business is that it is a business movement with plans to gain most extreme pay and amplify benefit where levels of trickery, ploy, and pride are a lot higher than socially observed or discovered (Swanson, 2005). Nonetheless, this idea of business is old and medieval. Today, a large portion of the organizations have built up their own methods of reasoning, which in spite of the fact that not actually generous, yet contains a wide social and human vision, and endeavors to consider business to be as basic piece of thorough human capacities. Current business is as much dependent on cardinal rule of benefit augmentation as on the neo-contemplations of qualities, ethics and morals. The establishment of business world is on morals of genuineness and responsibility where contacts are regarded, guarantees are kept up, and privileges of property are watched. Watching moral qualities and practices to be sure brings positive outcomes as moral organizations face less issues, less case and less guidelines (Guy, 1990). Corporate Values and corporate culture Ethics are not independent ideas or theoretical ethics that are held tight divider for visual enjoyments. They are qualities and best practices that ought to be installed in the working society that partnerships, in their endeavors to advance business morals and best practices, ought to guarantee that their representatives are very much aware of the qualities and rules that the company expects to seek after. The idea of authoritative culture has developed as generally suffering and fruitful business idea in the moral measurements (Bjerke,1999). Business supervisors, academicians, and corporate pioneers all concur that authoritative culture as a piece of business system is crucialfor a firm to keep up and continue the exclusive expectations of activity, dynamic and future arranging while at the same time guaranteeing development, advancement, and enterprise (Oden, 1997). The job of authoritative culture, in advancing moral conduct and setting up association wide acknowledged standards and working standards is foremost and it is perceived in the corporate quarters, that developing a solid hierarchical culture is presumably the best technique to make moral, esteem based, principled and visionary strategic policies (Swanson, 2005). Changing Organizational conduct An association is a result of the qualities and morals its representatives convey in and utilize to achieve the organization’s objective. The possible accomplishment of an association is acknowledged not through control of material assets, however on the capacity of the association to comprehend the human factor engaged with it. This prompted the idea of the hierarchical conduct (OB) that reviews the human conduct in the associations to assist representatives with building up a superior business related comprehension of their encompassing, their colleagues and in the long run about themselves. Today hierarchical conduct is viewed as an amazing asset that is important for one’s profession advancement and accomplishment in a mind boggling and dynamic authoritative procedure. The substance of hierarchical conduct is individuals. It endeavors to comprehend their yearnings, expectations, individual and expert aspirations, want for achievements, all set in the dynamic setting of globalization, innovation, assorted variety, weight of overseeing home and work, electronic and correspondence upsets and ceaselessly changing parts of business and industry that raise new and eccentric difficulties and obligations to the administration and therefore to the laborers (Harris, 1993). Authoritative Culture. While the employees’ singular qualities and morals characterize their own way to deal with work and work environment, there are some mutual qualities and modalities of conduct that every one of them reflects when cooperating. This mutual thought of qualities and morals that endemic to an association is called as the Organization’s culture. Essentially authoritative culture is characterized as arrangement of shared qualities, convictions, activities and best practices that develop inside an association and decide the conduct of every one of its part. While authoritative conduct may stay same over various associations, organization’s culture is commonly specific to the association and no two associations may share the precisely same hierarchical culture Managing Diversity An association that doesn’t comprehends or values assorted variety, doesn’t comprehend its workers. Decent variety is an innate piece of human culture. It turns out to be progressively significant when globalization has made hierarchical representatives setup multi-social, with individuals from various strict convictions, ethnic foundations and culture cooperating towards same objectives and missions. In this way it is imperative that the association esteems their assorted variety while coordinating them as its very own feature culture. End There is little contradiction on the difficulties and troubles in achieving a total compromise of the considerable number of components talked about in this exposition and some distinction will undoubtedly exist. Be that as it may, the inexorably multi-refined and multi-esteemed scene of the world has its own adapting methodologies and prerequisites. Globalization has limited the partitions that some time ago permitted isolated presence. Today’s world is socially blocked and esteem swarmed, where each individual must make a concordance to keep up a common parity and development. References Bjerke, B. 1999. Business Leadership and Culture: National Management Styles in the Global Economy. Distributer: Edward Elgar. Cheltenham, England. Fellow, M. E. 1990. Moral Decision Making in Everyday Work Situations. Distributer: Quorum

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population Essay

Impact of the Black Death in England on London's way of life, populace and economy among 1348 and around 1500 - Essay Example The way where the plague immediately spread is fairly crippling. The activity of the Sicilians to close their Messina port required the boats from the east to look for accessible port nearby the Mediterranean. All things considered, the plague immediately developed and spread into the countries where these plague harboring ships moored. Along these lines, the plague was answerable for the downfall of roughly one third’s of England’s populace. In roughly four years, the plague had secured nearly the whole world. This outlines the grave circumstance that had been molded by the plague. Accordingly, it is basic to dissect the specific effect of this plague on England all in all. The consistent development that had described England preceding the plague encountered an abrupt turn. The degree of passings that were being acknowledged from the plague resoundingly affects the strict, financial, social and political structures. The way that the boats couldn't grapple in Messina w as insufficient grounds to clarify the inconsistent idea of the spread of the plague. In sourcing the response to this inquiry, the circumstance that existed in England before the occurrence of the Black Death, must be featured. The wellspring of the plague was from the bugs that were preset in creatures. This is particularly the large dark rodents. For whatever length of time that the creatures were alive, the bugs remained with their host. In any case, an issue emerged when these creatures kicked the bucket; and the bugs had no place to go. As they continued looking for another host, they would in general likewise assault people. In that capacity, the way that the plague slaughtered 33% of the whole England populace, it left a fundamentally huge effect on the political, financial and strict structure of England. At the hour of the plague, England had been savagely catholic; as such it is basic to diagram the effect of the Black Plague on religion in England. The plague had its mos t disastrous effect in the urban areas (Sloanb 45). This depends on the way that the urban areas had been described by congestion. Another factor that supported in this unhindered spread was the low guidelines of sanitation in the urban communities at that point. The relative speedy time frame among disease and extreme downfall profoundly affected the strict practices at that point. The time of the fourteenth century was a time of significant strict tendencies. Britain was to a great extent catholic. In that capacity, it was a show that individuals would kick the bucket with their last rights and having admitted their transgressions. Notwithstanding, this method couldn't be supported given the huge number of passings that were being recorded. This constrained the Pope Clement VI to offer reduction to every one of those passings was a straightforwardly sourced from the Black Plague. This is on the grounds that the church couldn't be at the bedside of each and every individual who kic ked the bucket. The strict change permitted the withering to admit their wrongdoings to anybody at their bedside. So much was the need to have individuals at the bedside of the perishing that individuals were likewise permitted to admit to ladies. This had recently been unsuitable in the catholic religion. Be that as it may, given the idea of the circumstance, this must be acknowledged. The dependence on the church hit low probabilities given the quality of the plague in assaulting disengaged populaces exemplified by religious communities. It is nothing unexpected that individuals felt that the plague was therefore

How to Prevent and Handle Non-Paying Customers

How to Prevent and Handle Non-Paying Customers “If you’re good at something, never do it for free”The famous quote by the infamous Joker isn’t just memorable for its authentic delivery but acts as a real-life guideline for professionals dealing with their clients.How many times have you sent out invoices to your clients only to be ignored?How often are you left with anxiety issues when the deadline for your payment expires?Hounding after a non-paying customer is like a dog chasing after cars, it’s a complicated process and costs valuable time. Time better spent running your business.Fortunately, there are reliable methods to prevent missing out on your payments. In this article, let’s understand the popular reasons for refusal of payment by your customers.Further, Cleverism provides you with practical solutions on how to solve this age-old issue.5 REASONS WHY CUSTOMERS DON’T PAY ON TIMEAssume the following situation.After numerous hours and days, you finally find yourself a real client for your brand-new business. T his is it. It’s time to put on your dancing shoes and offer them your best work.Fast forward a few weeks after your delivery and the payment remains pending. Nervously, you type a follow-up email and put your most polite behavior on display reminding them of your pending fees. Months pass, with no payment insight, you’re left frustrated and low on funds. And your client has completely ignored your cry of help.If you’ve been in this situation, you understand non-paying customers are always a bad bet.What exactly are you doing wrong with your payment policy? Let’s find out by understanding why your customers don’t pay on time.5 REASONS ON WHY CUSTOMERS NEVER PAY FOR THEIR SERVICESSmall businesses are more likely to face delayed or non-payment issues compared to large corporations.While some clients genuinely have a reason for their late payments, others neglect their payments for various reasons. 1. Mediocrity in Overall WorkSometimes, we assume the work we put out is except ional and we are worth the money paid. This isn’t true.We don’t mean that the services you offer are necessarily bad.However, clients have a huge issue when the people they work with don’t share their level of vision. It results in unsatisfactory work that isn’t worth paying for.For this reason, clients proceed to ignore paying for services they deem unworthy.If you sell your services, as a professional, it’s your duty to understand the various requests that your clients require and ensure they are getting their money’s worth.While taking the job, pay attention and communicate clearly on the type of work they’d be expecting from you.If possible, provide a link to your website or a portfolio of your finest work. If they find any of your previous work matching their goal, request them to highlight it.Making false promises to your client is ultimately going to demonstrate your final work as shabby. Hence, it’s best to avoid taking up projects that won’t meet their exp ectations and avoid nonpayment issues altogether.2. Customers are Going Through a Financial CrisisMost often than not, your customers are likely facing a financial crunch and don’t have money to pay you.It’s critical to understand the market conditions that contribute to a poor economy before selling your services in your respective field.How do economic factors affect your services, you ask?Simple! when an economy has crashed, the asking fees of professionals is devalued.While their financial situation is of no concern to you, it’s a good idea to follow up and receive an update on when their situation is likely to improve. Especially, if the client you work with has a long-term commitment.Remember, not all non-paying customers are holding your payments on purpose. Some customers have a genuine reason that they weren’t expecting. After all, we are all human and the future is unpredictable.However, on the same note, it’s not alright for clients to seek professional services without the ability to afford them.Pay special attention to bankruptcy updates posted by your clients. If they file for bankruptcy, it’s a wise idea to contact them immediately. During their asset liquidation, there is a good chance to receive your payments if you’re first in line.3. Inconvenient Payment MethodsMaybe the fault lies in allowing your customers to pay by outdated methods such as checks and money orders.If you haven’t embraced the online business model yet, you’ll always have clients finding it inefficient to pay you.However, having an online payment portal doesn’t assure you timely payments either. Modern clients are busy, and their time is extremely precious to wait for your invoice to pop up in their mail.That’s why it’s important to get in touch with your client and mention a payment structure if it’s a long-term project. Inform them that your invoice would be sent on a specific date, get their approval, and stick to these dates.Automated invoice so ftware is convenient and handles timely invoice processing. Popular payment software includes Pabbly and Invoicera.4. Freeloading ClientsClients that look for faults on purpose in a perfectly executed project are nicknamed “freeloaders”. Their idea is to get away with free work done in exchange for valuable contribution on your part.With plenty of services being offered by various professionals, freeloaders find it convenient to hitchhike their work through various projects that are never paid in full.Instead, they find excuses to blame you for it.Here are the 5 types of freeloading clients, you’ll likely come across.The Underpaying Client â€" “What??? $400 for website design? That’s just madness, I could have got this done for half the value.” ­The Fake Perfectionist â€" “Stuart, I’ll need this re-edited for the 40th time, it’s simply not satisfactory. I won’t pay you a dime if you refuse to get this sorted.” The Busy Bee â€" “For the next 30 years I will r emain busy as I am building a space colony for earthlings on the moon. Please get in touch with me after this duration for the payment I owe you.”The Sampler â€" “I am looking for a long-term commitment from your end, unfortunately, there won’t be any pay for you until you show me a sample of your finest work. It’s the way I prefer to do business.”The Quintessential Bargainer â€" “Well Stan, I’ve witnessed your work and I am impressed. I believe we can be partners for a long time. Except your fees are outrageous! Let’s shake hands at 1/3rd of your quote. Deal?”While they come in different forms, these clients have the same motive â€" refuse to pay you what you’re worth and get the work done for free or at the bare minimum price.Remember, a client that appreciates good work is always ready to shell out money for a job well done. It’s easy to spot a freeloading client, they usually enter an agreement only after putting plenty of tough conditions that they expect you to never fulfill.One rule of professional trade is â€" if the client comes up with a complicated contract. Avoid it. It’s usually a trap to get you to accept terms for pitfalls you aren’t expecting. 5. Liberal Credit PrivilegeOne of the biggest mistakes professionals commit is offering a liberal credit policy to their clients.If you let your customers make partial payments, it allows them to get comfortable with their payments and guess what?You end up with delayed payments.Offering credit to your customers should be limited or removed from your professional contract to eliminate late payments.If you must, offer credit to only your long-term high-profile clients that have a phenomenal financial history of repayment.A financial advisor helps with structuring the financial charges for late payments if you must provide a credit-based payment system.Ultimately, a credit policy is always bad news, to begin with, and if you’re starting out, it’s best to do away with this pract ice.6 WAYS TO HANDLE NON-PAYING CLIENTSNow that we understand the mindset of non-paying clients, it’s a lot easier to come up with solutions to your money problems.By following the below methods, you’ll gain immunity against non-paying clients and rest easy going forward with a contract.Here are 6 methods to handle non-paying customers:1. Late Fees ChartAlright, so you’re a small business that is unable to refuse work that comes your way. After all, this is your growth phase and it’s better to work for nonpaying clients than not work at all.As a small business, you can still charge late fees to your clients and create a detailed structure on your website or on the contract, so your client knows what they are getting into.Here’s a sample personal chart with late fees.Customer NameAmount Owed1-30 Days Late Fee (5%)30-60 Days Late Fee (15%)Total Due per ClientClient A$7000NilNil$7000Client B$5000$250Nil$5250Client C$10000Nil$1500$11500Total Amount$22000$250$1500$23750The foll owing chart keeps a record of all the clients you are working with along with the payments they owe.Client B and C are yet to make their payments and have crossed their due date with Client B being less than a month overdue and Client C being over a month overdue.Sending intimation emails or calls with a detailed invoice every month will remind the client to pay up the money owed or risk paying the penalty.Even after the late fees, if your clients refuse to pay, follow the other methods below.2. Legal ContractsA legal binding contract that lists all the project variables is an effective way of never dealing with non-paying customers.Legal contracts provide you with protection against any clients that intend to breach the contract or delay payments.Every legal contract should include the following structures in the document.DeadlinesThe starting point of your project and the date of delivery should be clearly mentioned. This is to give your client financial security to ensure their w ork is done by the mentioned time.Contact InformationPhone numbers, emails, business addresses of both â€" the professional and the client should be included for transparency.Revisions If your nature of work includes editing and providing revisions for your clients, the number of maximum revisions allotted per project should be mentioned.Exit ClauseAn extremely critical section. If at any time, you or your client decide to backout or terminate a project, the necessary grounds of termination need to be listed here. It safeguards both parties from discontinuing once the project has begun.Intellectual Property Apart from protecting the client from copyright infringement, it also allows you to refer your work on your own portfolio of completed projects.Financial TermsThe most crucial bit of information that protects you from payment defaulters. Mention the following points in-detail if it pertains to your services.Late Fees ChargedPartial Upfront PaymentMoney-back GuaranteeDiscounts Of fersMention any other payment-related terms that you’d like your client to know beforehand.Once you’ve prepared the following rulesets, your legal contract is ready to be offered to your customer.This allows them to take your work seriously, and if they still avoid paying up, you’ve got a legal right to prosecute your client based on the contract.3. Discounts for Prepaid ProjectsAn excellent way to get paid in full is by providing an ‘Early Payment Discount’ to your clients. The discount could either be a fixed amount or a percentage of the total project like 3-5%.By providing prepaid offers, you’ll force your clients to make the full payment before the project begins, especially if they’re recurring clients.A great way to reward your loyal clients and secure money in the long run.There are plenty of benefits to providing a service discount.Clients enjoy the discounted cost of the projectMental peace knowing your project is funded without financial riskAdvance cash flo w is ideal to increase your working capitalPositive cash control for future services renderedThe origin of ‘Early Payment Discount’ began with eCommerce websites securing their finances before shipping out the product.This ensured that the customer was in no position to cancel a ‘Cash-on-Delivery’ order and they had the working capital to build their business.Today, several professionals have begun to provide discounts to their clients in return for full payments.4. Escrow ServicesAsk yourself â€" What is the one thing that prevents a new client from paying you in full before the project starts?Lack of trust!In an increasingly digitalized world, ‘Trust’ is an invaluable resource. In fact, it’s equally hard for you to trust a client about fulfilling their end of the bargain upon project completion.That’s where digitalized middlemen services are provided to connect the breach of trust between you and your client.This type of service is known as ‘Digital Escrow Servic es’.It’s relatively a simple concept.Your client funds a well-known escrow service like Escrow or StratuscoreBegin work once the escrow service confirms receiving the paymentUpon project completion, request payment transfer to the following â€" Paypal, Bank Account, Wallets, etc.Once the client is satisfied with your work, they’ll accept the escrow transferPiece of cake! You’re happy, your client is happy.Utilizing an escrow service eliminates the need for your client to postpone payments. The concept is simple â€" You work only when the escrow service receives payment.5. Client Background Check We believe researching your client beforehand saves effort and time to keep nonpaying clients at bay.Researching your client before entering a contract will provide you with valuable details.Chances are if you’re working with a big company, the company’s reputation usually speaks for itself. Large organizations rarely ever avoid paying for services used to prevent legal tussles.S maller clients don’t have a reputation and it’s almost impossible to answer â€"  are they creditworthy?. That’s why it’s incredibly critical to know them before proceeding to work with them.Here are 3 Ways to Research Your Client Effectively1. Professional Social NetworksLinkedIn, Quora, and Facebook are excellent areas to begin your initial client investigation.Every small or big business worth their dime has their own professional profile and glancing through some of these pages will give you an idea of their reputation.Some of the things to look out for areLinkedIn provides testimonials and reviews posted by previous customers and business partners. Leverage this information and form an opinion on whether the general opinion is negative or positive.Quora provides plenty of information regarding specific businesses and customers share their experience on the platform. It’s not difficult to find out if the response is overwhelmingly positive or borderline negative when s earching for your client’s business.Small businesses throng towards Facebook to build their online identity. Finding a client’s Facebook page and performing your due diligence on customer’s feedback will give you a head start.If there isn’t any social networking page or internet history to research your client, that’s a red flag that your client isn’t verified. Either refuse to work or ask for a full upfront payment.2. Verify Client via Video CallA simple Skype video call to establish identity goes a long way in saving yourself from non-paying clients.Questionable clients immediately refuse and will generally create long-winded excuses on why they’d prefer to do their business in an anonymous fashion.Anonymity is a direct way for your client to steal your work without paying.There are several benefits to revealing the identity of the client you’re working with.A professional bond is created with recurring projectsEffortless communicationEstablish a streamlined work e nvironment for both partiesKnow exactly who you’re working with and provides a source for your portfolioRemember, clients that refuse a video call aren’t all dubious. They might have their personal reason to avoid revealing their identity, in such scenarios, it’s always best to get a payment upfront while you respect their privacy.3. Google AlertsGoogle is the internet’s all-seeing eye that knows everything going on in shady organizations and their deepest secrets are revealed for the public to see.Why not make use of it?Google Alerts helps leverage information by typing a keyword into the search bar.The keyword can be the name of your client’s company to get a detailed list of search results revealing important news or other details that were previously unknown to you.Much of the details that are shown are from recent blogs or articles to give you a current state of your client’s reputation.Google Alerts also comes with a filter option to narrow down your results to a s pecific location, source, and region. It’s especially useful when you wish to track long-term clients from going rogue due to bankruptcy, layoffs, financial difficulties, etc.Adding your email address lets Google send the latest news directly to your email.6. FactoringWith most of the advice circling around future clients, it begs the obvious question.What do you do with existing clients that haven’t cleared their dues?Well, consider ‘Invoice Factoring’.Factoring provides you with an option to sell any unpaid invoice in your possession at a percentage of its total value.Don’t get it?Allow us to explain.Let’s say you have a total outstanding invoice of $1000 that’s unpaid for months. When you sign up to a factoring company like Kabbage or Payability, an option to sell the unpaid invoice for 70-75% of its value is provided by the factoring company.Essentially, these companies buy your invoices and will proceed to recover the loans on your behalf.The only drawback is you don’t receive the full payment that was originally entitled to you but it provides you with a way to clear all unpaid invoices and focus on your paying clients.It’s important to read the terms and conditions that factoring companies provide you with before you sell your invoices. Many factoring companies commence their own form of debt collection from your defaulters.Depending on the risk they are undertaking and the reputation of your client. The percentage offered on your invoice could be much lower. But it’s always a good idea to sell any unpaid invoices lying around.Some money is better than no money.For a detailed in-depth video guide on factoring, Paddy Hirsch provides a tutorial. FINAL THOUGHTSUnscrupulous clients are a part and parcel of every professional’s career. At the end of the day, your time is better spent in providing the service you excel at and n ­ot in chasing your money like the IRS.The carefully constructed methods provided in the article are a critical guideline to follow when conducting business. This way, you set up a defense shield against disreputable clients while only working with the prized ones. ­Have you ever been hounded by nonpaying clients? Review your experience with us in the comment section.

Henry Ford1 Essay - 2333 Words

Henry Ford1 Octavian Augustus (63 B.C.E-14 AD) is known as the first, and one of the greatest, Roman Emperors ever. Octavian enabled the long, peaceful time of the Pax Romana by changing Rome from a fragile, crumbling republican government to a mighty empire. Octavian ¹s government was strong enough to withstand weak emperors who mismanaged the Empire. His changes proved to be the cornerstone of the greatest empire the world has ever seen. During the Conflict of Orders, the lower class Romans, or plebeians, forced the upper class Romans, known as patricians, to give them more rights and liberties (Hadas 1969). The Republican government in Rome was established to satisfy the plebeians, while still leaving a majority of the control†¦show more content†¦He started to accept anyone into the army regardless of whether they owned any land. This created a vast change in the makeup of the armies. Many poor people decided to join in hopes that they would benefit financially from any victories. Soldiers became attached to Roman generals rather than the state because of the possible economic gains (Hanes 1997). The government ¹s separation of the army would prove to be a major problem. Laws could only be enforced if The Republic controlled the armies. When the army followed a general rather than the government, the government lost all power. In 90 B.C.E, Roman allies in Italy finally rebelled against the city. The allies were angry that they were not considered citizens of Rome. They had benefited little from Roman expansion even though their citizens had served in the military. After a very bloody campaign, the Social War, as it was called, eventually ended when the allies were defeated. The Senate, however, decided to grant citizenship to the allies (Hanes 1997). This move expanded the Roman State to all of Italy. As the number of citizens grew, The Republic became harder and harder to manage. During the Social Wars, one general, Lucius Cornelius Sulla proved to be very successful in battles. Based on this military success, Sulla was elected consul in 88 BCE After completing his term, Marius tried to stop Sulla from taking any military command. Sulla countered by marching his troops on Rome

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Their Eyes Were Watching God Literary Analysis Essay Free Essays

Their Eyes Were Watching God Literary Analysis Essay In 1936 when Zorn Neal Hurst first started to compose her award winning novel Their Eyes Were Watching God she deliberately fashioned the aforesaid work so that Its textual structure created anticipation amongst Its readers. She did this by including great adversity for the main character Jeanie to overcome. Jeanie became entangled in the oppressive powers of early 20th century marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God Literary Analysis Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now That of which constrained her for the greater part of the novel. Going from man to man only intuiting the tyrannical cycle of being property. Throughout the course of the novel the reader wants Jeanie to find herself and break free. This creates anticipation within the reader. The reader was present during the beatings and the harassment Jeanie experienced. The only reason why the reader is in fact still reading is because of the anticipation he or she has building up inside of them. They only want the best for Jeanie and they want to be with her when she experiences it. All of the hardships and perils Jeanie experiences must lead up to something. It is through all the adversity hat Jeanie perseveres through that creates anticipation within the reader. Their Eyes Were Watching God was precisely articulated so that it naturally created a bit of hope Inside the reader. The reader wanted Jeanie to finally find love as well as find herself. This feeling amongst the reader first emerges when Jeanie is forced to marry Logan Clicks. â€Å"Jeanie and Logan got married in Nanny’s parlor. † (Hurst 21)Jeanie just wants to have someone in her life, something to ward of the recurring loneliness she experiences. But even the reader knows that Logan Clicks is not the answer. This in itself creates anticipation. The reader at this point knows something will happen and may speculate what could occur. Essentially all that evolves out of this relationship Is Heartbreak for Jeanie. Her relationship with Logan soon dissolves despite the financial security he brought to the relationship. â€Å"Genie’s first dream was dead, so she became a woman. † (Hurst 25) The reader knows that Genie’s has partially given up on her dream of marriage but still wants her to find love. Fundamentally the whole relationship Itself with Logan Kills in turn creates anticipation amongst the reader. All of which plays a role In the reader’s hope that Jeanie will find love and â€Å"all will be well In the kingdom. † In a second sequence of events Jeanie finds herself In a relationship with the ever so powerful mayor, Jody. This marriage is the foundation for more heartbreak but also more hope for the reader. It all began when Jody â€Å"slapped Jeanie until she had a ringing in her ears. † (Hurst 72) That is the turning point in their relationship. Jody had been an overbearing figure in the relationship by limiting Genie’s social contact with the outside world, but never had he been oppressive In a pugnacious manner. The reader feels for Jeanie at this point. He or she more anticipation is created amongst the reader. The reader knows that something will happen further down the road. That the previous order of events foreshadows something greater. No situation Jeanie has experienced in the past has remained constant. It seems adversity is inevitable for Jeanie. This forces the reader to ponder the many possible outcomes of Jeanie and Jody relationship as well as Genie’s quest for love itself. The aforesaid inevitable adversity that Jeanie experiences will once again come into play as Jeanie engages in a new relationship with Teacake. Jeanie awoke next morning by feeling Tea Cake almost kissing her breath away. Holding her and caressing her as if he feared she might escape his grasp and fly away. † (Hurst 107) The reader at this point is relaxed finally Jeanie has found a man that treats her like a woman. That respects her and seems to love her with all his heart. With all the different men that Jeanie has been with the quality that Teacake has that sets him apart from the other ones is compassion. The reader for the first time experiences one of the qualities of true love alongside of Jeanie. The novel might as well be over at his point all is well. But then again there is that everlasting feeling in the mind of the reader. Jeanie has never had everything go as planned. The reader anticipates something to go wrong. The past is ever present during Tea Cake’s relationship with Jeanie when Jeanie â€Å"found out her 200 dollars was gone. † (Huston 118) Jeanie soon discovers that Teacake is also gone. This order of events creates immense anticipation in the mind of the reader. He or she asks him or herself questions like: â€Å"Did Teacake really steal her money and leave† or â€Å"will Jeanie Just finally give up on her ream of finding love. All of this anticipation and speculation on the reader’s part was precisely planned by Zorn Neal Hurst to keep the reader interested in her novel. In her 1937 masterpiece Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zorn Neal Hurst creates great anticipation amongst the reader through her use of textual structure. By precisely ordering events Hurst is able to effectively create sa id anticipation. By incorporating the ever apparent theme of Genie’s quest for love, into her order of events Hurst creates much anticipation amongst the reader. How to cite Their Eyes Were Watching God Literary Analysis Essay, Essays

In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D... free essay sample

In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger shows his main character, Holden Caulfields internal decline by expressing it through his language and detail in order to exemplify it. He uses certain phrasing and characteristics to help readers understand the physical deterioration that leads to his struggles throughout the novel. Along with this, Salinger uses certain language, actions, and behaviors to demonstrate it as well. Due to this, his audience is able to better comprehend what Holden goes through internally and how that is portrayed in the novel. As the novel begins, Holden discusses how he is currently in the process of being expelled from Pencey Prep. In the first chapter, Holden thinks back to a memory in which he is playing a game of football with friends and he says that, I ran all the way to the main gate, and then I waited a second till I got my breath. I have no wind†¦ Im quite a heavy smoker, for one thing – that is, I used to be (Salinger 5). He goes on to mention that he didnt know why he was running and that he felt as if he was disappearing. Seeing as Holden starts off his story by describing to the readers that he feels that he is disappearing, ultimately leads to the thought as to why Holden would feel this way. He also adds that he suffered from Tuberculosis because of his excessive amount of smoking, the fact that Holden was diagnosed with Tuberculosis at such a young age could later be related to his fixation on death and the passing of his brother Allie. As the book progresses into its first few chapters, Holdens physical issues become more prominent and obvious. In the seventh chapter, it is evident that Holden cannot sleep, which is a repeated occurrence in the book, and he goes to Ackleys room. The further into the book that one gets and the more Holden talks about his lack of sleep, it aides in the realization that a lot of his recurrent thoughts or dreams that he has are due to his severe lack of sleep. This scene with Ackley is not exempt from this. The more that Holden recognizes his own loneliness lead him to have an unhealthy and depressed state of mind for one part of the chapter in which he says, I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden. I almost wished I was dead (48). This quote goes to show the knowledge that Holden had on his own emotions at this time, yet the root of his internal thoughts were from the fact that he hadnt been able to sleep that night or some nights to come.Throughout the novel, Holden continuously mentions and asks people he comes across if they know where the ducks in Central Park go to in the winter as their pond is frozen over. To Holden, this question is perfectly rational as he just wants to know what happens to them and why people arent caring to find out. In the fourteenth chapter of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden is recovering from his traumatic experience with Maurice and Sunny which resulted in him getting painfully beat up by Maurice. Holdens physical state of being regresses considerably when he states, What I really felt like though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window (104). Not only does this show that Holden has repetitive thoughts of his own suicide, but it also can link back to the first chapter in which he talked about how he felt like he was disappearing. As well as this, in a rather symbolic way, this idea can also tie back in with needing the answer to his insistent question on the whereabouts of the ducks in Central Park. It also relates to Holdens deterioration because he, in a way, sees himself as these ducks and he only wants to be able to know who could give him potential help, what might happen to him after this part of his life has finished, or where he will go from here. Holden never gets the answer that he really wants and constantly asks himself and others about it because he wants to know what will happen to them and to him. Towards the end of the novel, readers can see Holden from a completely different viewpoint. Holden becomes so severely broken down and he demonstrates this through his actions and language. His physical state dete riorates again in the twenty-fifth chapter in which Holden visits the museum that was previously mentioned in the book however at the time he had not entered it. He falls apart when the scene describes what happens to him by Holden saying, I sort of passed out. I was lucky thought. I mean I couldve killed myself when I hit the floor (204). This as well brings forth the overall idea of him deteriorating throughout the novel by showing that he is quite literally weakening in his physical being, however the fact that he passed out and again has his recurrent suicidal thoughts tells us as readers that due to his lousy sleep patterns, he is now dealing with blackout that gave him no previous sign of occurring. This can tell one that he is now both physically and emotionally sick, continuously exhausted, and possibly even malnourished. To add on, in the last two chapters, Holden goes through an abundance of emotions so far to the point in which it alludes to the fact that he has a nervous breakdown and ultimately ends up in a psychiatric ward. Holden is watching Phoebe on the carousel after yelling at her and even contemplating whether or not to h it her, it is almost as if he comes to the realization that all of the work he has put in, all the trauma and suicidal thoughts had finally lifted and he essentially breaks down from sheer happiness, however for the majority of the book it is largely noticeable that his patterns of behaviors and what he goes through are sure signs of Holden dealing with very intense depression. In summation, Holden Caulfield is not only an immensely complex character but as well as someone who struggles greatly with his internal decline and physical deterioration. Salinger uses specific details and actions to allude to what Holden is facing throughout his story. While he also leaves several scenes up to each individuals own interpretation, he effortlessly goes into great detail to make it known to his audience what Holden is struggling with and how to better comprehend those issues.

Analysis of Hesiods Works and Days free essay sample

In Hesiod’s piece, â€Å"The Works and Days†, Hesiod addresses his brother Perses about how to be a good and virtuous man. Hesiod calls upon Zeus to direct his speech in explaining to Perses how to describe the true way to exist. He starts by explaining the difference between healthy competition and trouble and fighting, Hesiod says â€Å"It was never true that there was only one kind of strife. There have always been two on earth† (Lattimore, Hesiod’s Works and days, 2010, p.19). That one is evil and builds up towards war while the other is harsh, but promotes his strife with reward. He goes on to say that being clever and creating short cuts is not a trait worth having. Hesiod gives the example of when Prometheus stole fire from Zeus and in turn, future generations were punished because of Prometheus’ cleverness and deception. He relates this to his life and the time when he and Perses’ father died. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Hesiods Works and Days or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was a prominent theme in the poem and conveyed the injustice Hesiod felt towards his brother. There were issues splitting the inheritance between the two men, and Hesiod accuses Perses of coercing and bribing the â€Å"kings† residing over this matter. This is why Hesiod created this poem – to address his brother on his short comings and explain ways of how to improve them. Though this poem was addressed to Perses, my first impression was that it was a practical guide to living and prospering in society. Upon closer inspection, however, this work could be more about morality. Which poses the question of â€Å"What is the value of morality?† Hesiod goes into great detail about how morality and honest work can better your life in many ways, an example would be farming, it’s both rewarding to the land and family but it is also rewarding to the individual because he has what he needs and doesn’t need to be jealous of his neighbor. Hesiod gives many suggestions on how Perses can better his life through honest work. The first part of this analysis will attempt to show the overall moral elements of the poem. One of his more prominent events in his life that shaped this poem was when Perses wronged Hesiod during the distribution of their inheritance. Injustice is one of the most important issues for Hesiod because without this feeling of injustice, there wouldn’t be this poem The Works and Days. He portrays this in regard to the kings presiding over this issue and towards Perses. This complaint of injustice, notably towards the  kings, is incredibly important because this shows that Hesiod was not afraid to speak out in public against government officials. Another significant issue for Hesiod is that of religion. Religion appears all throughout the poem in different ways, ranging from the beginning mentioning the Muses to the ending recounting which days are holy in the eyes of the gods. When planning out your life, there’s always the issue of deciding if you really have control over your life or if everything in your life in already planned out. Hesiod explains to his brother that everything that we do will be and is preordained by the power of the gods. As Hesiod says, â€Å"But Zeus will destroy this generation of mortals also,† (Lattimore, Hesiod’s Works and days, 2010, p.39) he speaks of his own age of people, the age of iron or the age of force. When he says this, he’s telling Perses that because of people like him, people that are envious and not working, this age will end. Every person that acts like him will turn on each other because of the anxieties set forth by the gods. Hesiod also uses the myth of Prometheus to expand his idea. Prometheus, who stole fire from Zeus lead to the fact that now man must work and toil for his well being because of the evils released from Pandora. Sacrifice and offerings were another big aspect of r eligion stressed by Hesiod. He tells of the silver age of man in which they neglected to offer respect unto the gods, and in turn the gods destroyed them. I think this was a scare tactic for Hesiod to try and slap some sense into his brother. It might have worked, but the whole â€Å"the world is going to end because of people like you,† thing isn’t that convincing to me, but this is merely one way that Hesiod tries to change his brother’s attitude towards his moral standing and his attitude towards work. The concern of war and peace also assails Hesiod’s thoughts. Although Hesiod’s age is one of war and violence, he talks about what happened in previous wars in order to affirm the insanity and foolishness of violence and the importance of peace. An example of this would be when Hesiod talks about the bronze age saying, â€Å"and the ghastly action of Ares was theirs, and violence†¦destroyed beneath the hands of each other† (Lattimore, Hesiod’s Works and days, 2010, p.35). Hesiod also speaks of peace without a mythological allegory. Furthermore, a significant part of The Works and D ays deals with the relationships of people and families and the community. Hesiod perceives the end of his people, the people of the age of iron, as he says â€Å"Men will deprive their  parents of all rights, as they grow old†¦men shall give their praise to violence† (Lattimore, Hesiod’s Works and days, 2010, p.41). Hesiod also gives advice on social behavior; he warns that the actions of a single man may adversely affect the whole community. Everything above is a conglomeration of all the main concerns of Hesiod in his poem The Works and Days. After these, Hesiod gives a great deal of practical advice, like how to work and when to work. This advice encompasses an incredibly large portion of the poem and suggests that the poem The Works and Days is less about practical guidance than it is about morality. In essence, the practical aspects presented are used as a means of teaching morality. All the advice that Hesiod gives can be related to moral issues. For instance, Hesiod’s concept of work, both on land and sea, is argued to be the most prominent theme of his advice. He gives a very detailed and organized list of side tasks and gives times when and where to do them. On should wonder why Hesiod gives such a detailed explanation of how one should work. This can be traced back to the poem when Hesiod says that your own work is preferable over your own fortune, even if you are envious of other’s work. He goes on to explain that work keeps you from begging for money or food; work for your own gives you a sense of moral fulfillment. To wrap up, I find that there are many reasons why I think that Hesiod’s The Works and Days has no real practical value. Even though he gives a lengthy explanation of the practical application of his advice, I doubt his teachings because in comparison to the moral aspects of the poem, it creates an alternate factor. Which is, firstly, that every Greek across the nation should already know of this practical advice, because that is what it is, common sense; this knowledge is well known to every Greek. Hesiod doesn’t make up any new ways of living or any new crop patterns or rotations or even a better way to deal with your neighbors that the populace doesn’t already know. It’ s well known that the predominant occupations for this time were farming and sailing (both having merchant classes). So taking the well known knowledge that everyone is either working by sea or land, I’m fairly sure that they all have already heard this advice, that it’s not a newly discovered secret or remedy to better your life. Another factor that plays a role in this argument is that Hesiod doles out advice about sailing when he himself has limited experience sailing. He says that he has never sailed the broad sea,  except from Euboea to Aulis. This is a distance of approximately 65 meters! Though Hesiod has his own short comings in his experience, this doesn’t mean that he pulled this advice out of thin air. He spent time with experienced sailors and put everything he learned from them into this poem and he also drew from other poets in order to strengthen his advice. Moreover, Hesiod’s poem cannot be a fully advisory look into the work of daily life because a enormous section of it doesn’t even deal with practical advice at all, it deals with morality. Whe n he says that a certain time period is good for the birth of a man and not a girl is an example of this. On the other hand, some of the guidance that that Hesiod gives is common knowledge. One such example would be when he says what to wear on your feet and what to cover your head with when it’s cold. Concerning work, he gives advice on when to work. He says to work before day break, in order to avoid rain and the sun, and to have a dog watching over your house and protect it. In essence, this poem doesn’t teach practical advice relevant to today, but even if it did, it would not be practical but more moral guidance to lead people down the right path. In summary, Hesiod’s The Works and Days is an exceptional look into what typical life was like in ancient Greece. He shows us that there is a personal, religious, and above all, a moral obligation that you owe society and in doing that, you can a fruitful and pleasant life. I saw in this work that Hesiod was strongly pushing his idea of morality to his brother, Perses. That he was concerned with issues in morality containing injustice, religion, war, and community. Though a great deal of the poem deals with practical advice and guidance, under closer inspection one can surmise that Hesiod’s arguments can be more related to the question of morality or to the knowledge already known to the populace of the period in Greece. All of these instances of advice giving and guidance just bolsters the point that The Works and Days is more concerned with moral teaching than it is about the teaching of practical advice.

Aging in Todays Society essays

Aging in Today's Society essays Mark Twain once said, Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you dont mind, it doesnt matter. Unfortunately, societies throughout the world let it matter. In todays culture, humans will go to extraordinary lengths to try and postpone the physical effects of aging. Age was once a word that society admired and respected, but modern day humanity has corrupted that viewpoint and has transformed age into something that human beings should delay and conceal. A celebrity is a perfect example of an individual in todays world that has a great degree of public fascination who does everything in their power to fight the results of aging. For example, in picture one, it shows what the celebrity would truly look like without all of the makeup and additives that are on her face. Due to her popular appeal, the need to mask all of blemishes on her face is a necessity and if she were to have no products on her face, her appearance would be characterized along the lines of horrendous. On another note, society has labeled gray hair not only as a sign of old age, but also as a sign of lifelessness. When analyzing the picture, gray hair is characterized as being dull whereas the blonde hair shows liveliness and vitality. An individuals hair color should never reflect the vibrancy they behold, but modern day society unfortunately depicts gray hair as a symbol of dullness. Author Mary Pipher exclaims how older people were once viewed as a positive, but now have been malformed to an undesirable persona. Pipher writes, Younger and healthier adults often avoid spending time around the aging because they want to avoid the issues of mortality and loss of independence (Pipher). The younger adults believe that being around older individuals will cause them to lose vivacity, which is completely ridiculous and outlandish. Pipher discusses how the media will never portray a person who shows si...

Behavioural Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Behavioural Finance - Research Paper Example Montier’s articles and assess them one by one by providing supportive argument. Under this topic, Mr. Montier examined the QWERY keyboards and gave reasons as to why they are still in use today (Shiller 51). It is evident that QWERTY keyboard was established in 1874 by Christopher Sholes who saw the need to reduce the typing speed because the type writer that was in use during those times was jamming of plates in the mechanical arms due to the ease of typing that made people type faster (Thaler 8). Therefore, Mr. Montier clearly explained why the QWERTY keyboard was developed and why it is in use today. He also touched on the concept of Dvorak keyboard which is an alternative keyboard to the QWERTY but it was not adopted because it is efficient than Dvorak and certain studies suggest that the difference in their speed is very low and insignificant. However, Montier’s problem is that with adaptation of QWERTY keyboard up to date clearly implies that the benchmark policy that was used to develop this keyboard limits technological advancement and that, pers onally, he cannot come up with a policy benchmark (Thaler 3). How is technology involved? His reason for not coming up with a policy benchmark is the fact that such policies restrict technological advancements and confine them to one place for a long time (Dopfel 78). The reason as to why I support his argument of rejecting policy portfolios is the fact that they do not interpret investment risks correctly. This is because they concentrate too much on profit making than on the risks involved and the best way to deal with them. Therefore, Mr. Montier’s argument about of typewriters and benchmarks is correct. According to Montier, the notion of investment that was used in earlier times was better than the modernized idea and depiction of investment (Shiller 52). He clearly imply that the main aim of investment in early days was to look for value through purchasing what was

Book Review on 'Predictably Irrational' by Dan Ariely Essay

Book Review on 'Predictably Irrational' by Dan Ariely - Essay Example While as classical economics explains how humans are rational beings who exercise logic in analyzing the merits and demerits of given economic situations with an aim of making sound economic decisions, it does not explain in a perfect way how people behave making economic decisions. In light of this, that Dan Ariely is a new generation scientist that he negates in his predictably irrational book that human beings behave in fundamentally rational ways. Dan Ariely thus uses the everyday experience and detailed and experimentation research to explain how expectations, emotions, social norms, and other invisible, seemingly illogical forces alter individual reasoning abilities. Dan Ariely uses ingenious experiments to explore how irrational forces and social norms influence our economic behavior. He observes that there is a cultural shift in making economic decisions where fewer market and social norms are now more satisfying, creative, fulfilling, and fun. He performs fun filled experime nts on how people buy, sell, and make life time’s decisions thus demonstrating their predictable irrational economic decision making behaviors. This paper draws a clear review of how human beings demonstrate irrational behaviors while making fundamental economic decisions that relate to buying, selling, and other economically driven decisions. Summary of Content The book â€Å"Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions†Ã‚  by Dan Ariely has 15 chapters that discuss the modes of thinking and events that alter the traditional  rational behavior in making economic decisions. Dan Ariely explains the truth about relativity confirming how humans frequently regard their environment in relation to others (Ariely 10). In doing this, people compare things that are easily comparable in arriving at certain decisions. He goes ahead to explain this comparison by giving examples of three honeymoon destination options two in Rome and one in Paris. He uses thi s example to describe the decoy where consumers tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when a third option surfaces. In light of this, Dan Ariely explains how relativity can help people make wise decisions and at the same time demeaning their lives. He relevantly notes that when people compare their lives to those of others in the same category, they tend to manifest envy and jealousy. He equally reckons that human beings rarely get satisfied and the more they get the more they aspire to get more. However, he notes that we can avert this by avoiding relativity by controlling the happenings around us. Dan Ariely explains the fallacy of supply and demand where consumers consider value, quality, or availability before making a purchasing decision. He notes that recommending a value to an item with no initial value leads to irrational pricing. He observes that although prices apply arbitrarily, consumers tend to anchor with those prices upon their first purchas e. Indeed, the customers associate with this price for a long time affecting their social value and thus irrationality in price. Ariely hence uses the arbitrary price anchoring to challenge supply and demand theories saying that demand is subject to manipulation and thus affects market equilibrium. He therefore concludes that market equilibrium relies on consumer’s memory and not preferred choices. He further explains the cost of free notion where people choose free options in place of

Emergent Strategy Development and Resource Allocation Process

Emergent Strategy Development and Resource Allocation Process The business environment is subjected to rapid changes and in such scenarios organizations must change incrementally and adapt strategy on the basis of organizational learning rather than planning ahead (Campbell et al., 2002). Emergent strategy emerges over time. Barney Hesterley 2010 suggest that emergent strategy is very important for entrepreneurial firms due to the high uncertainty and high unpredictably of the business conditions. According to Johnson et al., 2008, emergent strategy can be developed through four ways. Logical Incrementalism: According to Quinn, Logical incrementalism is the development of strategy by experimentation and learning from partial commitments rather than through global formulation of total strategies. Dynamic changes are required to respond to the unexpected changes in the environment rather than planning the strategic direction well ahead (Johnson et al., 2005). Resource Allocation routines: Resource allocation and management has become a vital component of the firms, since effective allocation of resources eases the operations of the firm and also helps in completing their projects within the specified deadline. According to Barney Hesterley 2010, the organizational culture and ritual in a firm that would direct all the employees in the organization to define their jobs in competitive and fiscal terms leads to gain sustainable competitive advantage. As an example, Honda was able to sell their Supercub motorcycles in the American market through their effective resource allocation process. Cultural Processes: The culture within the organization plays an imperative role in the incremental strategy development if it is harmonized with the environmental changes. Incompetent organizational culture may act as a barrier for a firm to keep their strategic directions in line with the environmental changes (Johnson et al., 2005). According to Pearce Robinson 2009, the entity of todays global firms is that organizational culture should be acquainted with cultural diversity. Managing the relationship between strategy and culture in the firm is significant for the successful implementation of the strategy. Organizational politics: The Political observation of strategy development is that strategies develop as a result of processes of haggling and negotiation among the influential stakeholders of the firm. Political action is often perceived as an inevitable part of the strategy development process in an organization (Johnson et al., 2005). To conclude, although the process of emergent strategy development lags sufficient planning since it arises over time, it could be significant for organizations operating in a changing business environment. Using the website of a large organization find its organizational chart. Explain why the organization is structured in the way illustrated. Procter and Gamble (PG) is the worlds biggest maker of consumer products and is well known for their innovation. Over the years PG has considered organizational structure as an essential part of their growth. The brand portfolio is immense (Appendix 1). The decision making at the top management level is made by the board of directors. Each functional operations of the PG group are discretely controlled by their relevant management. In the early 90s, PG was structured in the forms of global matrix structure to meet the consumer demands in each region as shown in Figure 1. This structure allowed the company to create global technical units in distinct regions each with a core competency in a particular category of products. The global category Presidents, RD department and VPs developed the product category stage technologies that could be functional for global branding strategies. The creation of influential and self-governing global functions endorsed the improvement in knowledge levels, transfer of best practices and eradication of intraregional redundancies. The matrix structure proved to be a massive advantage for PG since it combined the manufacturing, purchasing, trading and distributing into a single global supply chain (Piskorski Spadini, 2007). Figure1: Procter Gamble Organizational Structure in 1990s (Source: Grant, 2010, pp.616) Although strong regional functions provided enormous competitive advantages, the matrix structure was never symmetrical in PG. Each function focused more on their own strategic program and development in the company rather than combining with other functional units to develop the companys position in the market place. With problems in their structure and plans for further diversification, PG carried out a six year restructuring plan through which they restructured from global matrix structure to global business units (GBU). The current organizational structure of PG is shown below in Figure 2. Figure 2: Current Organizational Structure of PG (Source: Procter Gamble) The purpose of each level in the current structure is given in Appendix 2. The primary focus of the global business units is on the product and market development and the focus of the Presidents in GBUs is to standardize the manufacturing process and to simplify the brand portfolio. For example GBU for Baby care division proposed a plan to reduce the several numbers of diaper-manufacturing processes into a single standard process (Grant, 2010). This structure increased dexterity and decreased costs through accelerated standards of manufacturing processes and better coordination of promotional movements across countries (Piskorski Spadini, 2007). The organization is huge and they are diversified across the globe with a massive brand portfolio. With product specialization and marketing being their main focus and being successful in the followed structure for more than a decade, global business units proves to be the suitable structure for PG. Four Tenets of Organizational Learning: Learning is an integral part of an organization and it can lead to strategic directions and decisions. Organizational learning is closely related to the logical approach of strategy and firms must persistently learn about themselves and their operating environment (Campbell et al., 2002). According to Johnson et al., 2008, structure and culture of an organization contributes widely towards organizational learning; formal structures might stifle the organizational learning. Managers would be playing a less directive and a more facilitative role. Each individual in the organization might specialize in certain skills. Organizational performance will improve only when the individual knowledge gets transferred into organizational knowledge. Managers are completely responsible for the sharing of knowledge in the organization through knowledge management skills (Campbell et al., 2002). Managers can arrange knowledge transfer sessions on a customary basis in order to improve the core competencies of employees and thereby contributing to organizational learning. They can also emphasize the importance of knowledge sharing and how it might impact on the performance of organizations among the employees. Information flows and relationships between people should happen both horizontally and vertically. Organizations should posses a culture in which the communication and sharing of knowledge between the employees among all the levels is encouraged. The management should persuade sharing of information and knowledge among the organization, so that all employees become susceptible to the changes happening around them and contribute towards organizational objectives (Johnson et al., 2008). Organizations are pluralistic, in which even distinct and divergent ideas are welcomed and surfaced. In pluralistic settings different ideas emerges from different level of people in the organization. Although being pluralistic might provide an advantage in learning for some organizations, it is very risky for an organization to be pluralistic since it might deceive knowledge. Experimentation is the norm, trying out new ideas might become an important part of the learning process. For example; Wipro Technologies, one of the leading software companies in India tried developing a corporate extensive knowledge management system called KNET through which employees can track, access, exploit and produce knowledge. Although they were not using KNET widely in the initial years, it proved to be very valuable in the recent years of their success. Following the success of KNET, Wipro has developed the same portal system for Microsoft, one of the major clients of Wipro (Wipro, 2010). Organizational learning could be a crucial factor for the companies in gaining advantage in the near future. All the four tenets could be critical in organizations where emergent strategy is considered as a primary source of strategy development. Does structure follow strategy or does strategy follow structure? Organizations seek new strategies for the reason that they offer new opportunities and potential advantages. Before implementing the strategy, a variety of factors needs to be considered because it involves change and risk. The link between structure and strategy is an important aspect to be considered before implementing the strategy. Structure of an organization is a vital factor since the change in corporate strategy might require some sort of change in the manner a firm is structured and in the type of proficiency required in specific positions of the firm (Wheelen Hunger, 2008). According to Thomson Martin 2008, although structures are designed primarily and changed later to fit the intended strategies of an organization, the daily activities and behaviors of people within the structure might lead to significant emergent strategies. A traditional study conducted by Chandler concludes that structure follows strategy after he analyzed the changes in some large U.S. corporations. For example, in the periods of First World War DuPont an explosive company diversified its product range. Research shows that their business failed since they followed the same centralized organizational structure even after diversifying their product range. When they realized the problem, they shifted to decentralized structure since it was congruent with their chosen diversification strategy (Chandler, 1962). In the case of DuPont, the problem was with the structure and if their structure was congruent with their strategy, they would not have faced the problem. Similarly General Motors (GM) also shifted from centralized to decentralized multidivisional structure in 1920s and they found it to be intensely effective in permitting the freedom for product development to each division. Strategy can also follow structure. Although there is no empirical research conducted on structure directing to strategy, many authors support this fact. Although Chandler inscribes that structure follows strategy he has also told that due to the structural changes in GM, brilliant strategies were framed in the making and selling of their products (Hall and Saias, 1980). To conclude, although it is not erroneous to say that structure follows strategy since it is true in most of the cases, proficient organizational structure may also lead to the formation of new strategies. It might depend upon the type of the industry, markets and environments the firms are operating with. Give an example of an organization where resource allocation process (RAP) form part of strategy development. Resource Allocation Process (RAP): RAP is a composite and subtle process which occurs on a daily basis in all organizations. If RAP is not prioritized and linked with the intended strategy of an organization, it might create a disparity between the intended and actual strategy of the organization. In large diversified organizations, the centre plays a vital role in allocating the resources among the diverse strategies proposed by their divisional units. Even small companies operate in the same mechanism but on an informal basis (Lynch, 2009). Both emergent and intended strategic ideas can be filtered through RAP as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: (Source: Christensen Donovan, 2000) Honda at American Markets: During the post world war era, Honda was the supplier of small Supercub motorcycles in the Japanese market. Following the success in the Japanese market, Honda thought of entering the North American market by manufacturing large over the road bikes, since it was suited for American markets. It sent three of its employees to LosAngels to launch the endeavor. But Hondas large bikes were unsuccessful in American markets. After experiencing the market conditions in America, the three employees proposed a plan to sell their small Supercub motorcycles in the American market since they received an informal order for sport bikes from the buyer for the sports equipment of Sears. But the top management filtered their ideas since their strategy in American market were to sell large over the road bikes. After further failure in selling the large bikes, the management considered the plan and the results were surprising. Honda became a successful company in selling its Supercub in the American mar ket (Henry, 2008). RAP in Honda: After this experience Honda approached things in a different manner. As manufacturing volume increased, they planned for some price reduction strategies through appropriate RAP. They became the market leader and competitors were unable to compete with Honda. In terms of the Figure 1, Honda entered American market with an intended strategy and immediately after that although it got emergent inputs such as Sears buyers request of their Supercub, companys RAP filtered out those inputs, since it was not matching with its strategy. Once they persuaded corporate management to change the filter in the RAP, the constituents of winning strategy emerged. Thus, RAP played a vital role in the formation of emergent strategies and in achieving the intended strategies for Hondas success in the US motorcycle industry.

Exam for ACC

The USC requires that a HAD take an instrument in good faith. This means that Answer d. Kate must be assured in writing that the instrument has no defects. Correct Answer: Kate must have acted honestly and observed all reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. Question 3 Thomas inherits a promissory note previously held by his deceased grandfather. Thomas has no notice that the note has been dishonored or is overdue. Thomas has the rights of Answer a holder only. Question 4 4 out Of 4 points Jason, Inc. Manufactures chain saws. Margin is injured while using a chain saw manufactured by Jason, Inc. ND sues the company for product liability based on negligence. To win, Margin must show that Answer Jason, Inc. Did not use due care with respect to the chain saw. Correct Jason, Inc. Did not use due care with respect to the chain saw. Question 5 One universal defense to liability for payment on a negotiable instrument is Answer forgery Question 6 Kennedy buys a new pink scooter. Kenn edy reads in the documents included in the packaging with her scooter that it is covered by an implied warranty of merchantability; this means that Answer he scooter is reasonably fit for the ordinary purpose for which it is sold.Question 7 O out of 4 points Suppose that Ray owns a jewelry store. Ray defrauds his old Aunt Cathy out of her watch and sells the watch to Missy. If Missy does not know that the watch was acquired by fraud, what title does she take? Answer She takes avoidable title, based on Ray's avoidable title. B. She takes good title because she was a good faith purchaser. Question 8 Tom bought a new Corvette 9 months ago and planned on cruising it in Daytona. The Corvette is constantly in the shop for the first 9 months that Tom owns it.Tom is not able to drive the Corvette to Daytona because of the constant need for repairs. Tom is very frustrated. Tom may have a cause of action based upon a lemon law. A lemon law deals with Answer defective automobiles. Question 9 S cott is studying the LLC. Scott learned that one of the policies behind the USC is to encourage commerce. Thus, some of the harsh rules of contract law have been modified by the ICC. For example, under the common law of contract law, if terms were left open in a contract, there would be no agreement, no meeting of the minds, and there would be no contract.In entrant, as a general rule, under the USC if there are some open terms in a contract Answer the contract will be void because of the open terms. The contract will be valid if the parties intended to form a contract and there is a reasonable basis for the court to grant a remedy. Question 10 Under the Sac's perfect tender rule, what options does a buyer have when the seller tenders nonconforming goods? Answer The buyer must reject all of the goods. The buyer may accept all, or part, or none of the goods. Question 11 Tees has a special project. Tees has a daughter. Tees spoils her daughter.Tees wants to give her daughter the bigge st birthday celebration possible. Tees wants her daughter to have a birthday party that the other parents she knows will be talking about for years to come. As part of the decorations for the birthday party extravaganza, Tees wants to suspend a heavy, candelabra above her backyard pool. Tees goes to the local hardware Store. Tees finds a helpful sales associate. Tees details her plan to the sales associate. The sales associate suggests that Tees buy a particular brand of clear roping for the job. In reliance upon this recommendation, Tees buys the rope.

My Ethics Awareness Inventory Summary Essay

In my Ethical Awareness Inventory I believe in what is right. Ethical awareness is gaining an insight in the perspective of having the determination of what you believe is wrong or right. My beliefs in decision making and obligation are mainly in the core values of the best ethical decision and what core beliefs I believe inspire my values and morality. The core beliefs I chose were character, obligation, results, and equity. I believe an obligation to make the right decision is very important in any decision making process. Results show how a person can provide the character that motivates them in the equity that is chosen to make the right choice. Factors that influence my decision making is pressure from peers and the pressure from the above, interest groups, personal financial gain, chance to get ahead, limited information to get ahead, convenience, and threats in the workplace that are used if not abiding by the Code of Ethics, which is a document signed when hired at a place of employment. Ethical Awareness is the key to sound ethical judgment. The answers to the questions posed in the EAI Inventory will assist you to make the â€Å"right† decision, but it is important to remember that there is no easy shortcut to ethical decision making. It requires you to make an important personal judgment about a matter that will have a significant impact on the lives of real people—not some faceless mass (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2011). Obligations category defines my selections as individuals that I may work with as argumentative about the society who may not be able to work in their own best interest. Obligations to me are very important and need to look at as being at the top of a list and adhered to as promises made to be taken care of as soon as possible. In my own life the results have pretty much matched on how I am in real life, especially the personal financial gain. I always run short of money and looking for more ways to earn more. Another way is more information being available to me. I always have been willing to learn as much as I can to know about my tasks and duties within a job or even in my personal life. I was raised with strong personal ethics and apply those to my professional and personal life. In the educational field I have learned that ethics in decision making can be different than what I believe. My decision making is of right or wrong. In a professional setting the decision making can be one or the other due to the Code of Ethics and the supervisors that are the last say in a decision. My thinking has been altered to some point to obligations as to the community and diversity which shows how much we should think about the other cultures that have issues that need assistance and our ethical views which are a difference than what most are altered from my core beliefs. Reference Williams Institute(2011). (6th ed): www. ethics-twi. org info@ethics-twi. org. Retrieved April 23, 2012 from: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/Vendors/TWI/EAI/

Accounting As A Career - 2623 Words

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