Emergent Strategy Development and Resource Allocation Process

Emergent Strategy Development and Resource Allocation Process The business environment is subjected to rapid changes and in such scenarios organizations must change incrementally and adapt strategy on the basis of organizational learning rather than planning ahead (Campbell et al., 2002). Emergent strategy emerges over time. Barney Hesterley 2010 suggest that emergent strategy is very important for entrepreneurial firms due to the high uncertainty and high unpredictably of the business conditions. According to Johnson et al., 2008, emergent strategy can be developed through four ways. Logical Incrementalism: According to Quinn, Logical incrementalism is the development of strategy by experimentation and learning from partial commitments rather than through global formulation of total strategies. Dynamic changes are required to respond to the unexpected changes in the environment rather than planning the strategic direction well ahead (Johnson et al., 2005). Resource Allocation routines: Resource allocation and management has become a vital component of the firms, since effective allocation of resources eases the operations of the firm and also helps in completing their projects within the specified deadline. According to Barney Hesterley 2010, the organizational culture and ritual in a firm that would direct all the employees in the organization to define their jobs in competitive and fiscal terms leads to gain sustainable competitive advantage. As an example, Honda was able to sell their Supercub motorcycles in the American market through their effective resource allocation process. Cultural Processes: The culture within the organization plays an imperative role in the incremental strategy development if it is harmonized with the environmental changes. Incompetent organizational culture may act as a barrier for a firm to keep their strategic directions in line with the environmental changes (Johnson et al., 2005). According to Pearce Robinson 2009, the entity of todays global firms is that organizational culture should be acquainted with cultural diversity. Managing the relationship between strategy and culture in the firm is significant for the successful implementation of the strategy. Organizational politics: The Political observation of strategy development is that strategies develop as a result of processes of haggling and negotiation among the influential stakeholders of the firm. Political action is often perceived as an inevitable part of the strategy development process in an organization (Johnson et al., 2005). To conclude, although the process of emergent strategy development lags sufficient planning since it arises over time, it could be significant for organizations operating in a changing business environment. Using the website of a large organization find its organizational chart. Explain why the organization is structured in the way illustrated. Procter and Gamble (PG) is the worlds biggest maker of consumer products and is well known for their innovation. Over the years PG has considered organizational structure as an essential part of their growth. The brand portfolio is immense (Appendix 1). The decision making at the top management level is made by the board of directors. Each functional operations of the PG group are discretely controlled by their relevant management. In the early 90s, PG was structured in the forms of global matrix structure to meet the consumer demands in each region as shown in Figure 1. This structure allowed the company to create global technical units in distinct regions each with a core competency in a particular category of products. The global category Presidents, RD department and VPs developed the product category stage technologies that could be functional for global branding strategies. The creation of influential and self-governing global functions endorsed the improvement in knowledge levels, transfer of best practices and eradication of intraregional redundancies. The matrix structure proved to be a massive advantage for PG since it combined the manufacturing, purchasing, trading and distributing into a single global supply chain (Piskorski Spadini, 2007). Figure1: Procter Gamble Organizational Structure in 1990s (Source: Grant, 2010, pp.616) Although strong regional functions provided enormous competitive advantages, the matrix structure was never symmetrical in PG. Each function focused more on their own strategic program and development in the company rather than combining with other functional units to develop the companys position in the market place. With problems in their structure and plans for further diversification, PG carried out a six year restructuring plan through which they restructured from global matrix structure to global business units (GBU). The current organizational structure of PG is shown below in Figure 2. Figure 2: Current Organizational Structure of PG (Source: Procter Gamble) The purpose of each level in the current structure is given in Appendix 2. The primary focus of the global business units is on the product and market development and the focus of the Presidents in GBUs is to standardize the manufacturing process and to simplify the brand portfolio. For example GBU for Baby care division proposed a plan to reduce the several numbers of diaper-manufacturing processes into a single standard process (Grant, 2010). This structure increased dexterity and decreased costs through accelerated standards of manufacturing processes and better coordination of promotional movements across countries (Piskorski Spadini, 2007). The organization is huge and they are diversified across the globe with a massive brand portfolio. With product specialization and marketing being their main focus and being successful in the followed structure for more than a decade, global business units proves to be the suitable structure for PG. Four Tenets of Organizational Learning: Learning is an integral part of an organization and it can lead to strategic directions and decisions. Organizational learning is closely related to the logical approach of strategy and firms must persistently learn about themselves and their operating environment (Campbell et al., 2002). According to Johnson et al., 2008, structure and culture of an organization contributes widely towards organizational learning; formal structures might stifle the organizational learning. Managers would be playing a less directive and a more facilitative role. Each individual in the organization might specialize in certain skills. Organizational performance will improve only when the individual knowledge gets transferred into organizational knowledge. Managers are completely responsible for the sharing of knowledge in the organization through knowledge management skills (Campbell et al., 2002). Managers can arrange knowledge transfer sessions on a customary basis in order to improve the core competencies of employees and thereby contributing to organizational learning. They can also emphasize the importance of knowledge sharing and how it might impact on the performance of organizations among the employees. Information flows and relationships between people should happen both horizontally and vertically. Organizations should posses a culture in which the communication and sharing of knowledge between the employees among all the levels is encouraged. The management should persuade sharing of information and knowledge among the organization, so that all employees become susceptible to the changes happening around them and contribute towards organizational objectives (Johnson et al., 2008). Organizations are pluralistic, in which even distinct and divergent ideas are welcomed and surfaced. In pluralistic settings different ideas emerges from different level of people in the organization. Although being pluralistic might provide an advantage in learning for some organizations, it is very risky for an organization to be pluralistic since it might deceive knowledge. Experimentation is the norm, trying out new ideas might become an important part of the learning process. For example; Wipro Technologies, one of the leading software companies in India tried developing a corporate extensive knowledge management system called KNET through which employees can track, access, exploit and produce knowledge. Although they were not using KNET widely in the initial years, it proved to be very valuable in the recent years of their success. Following the success of KNET, Wipro has developed the same portal system for Microsoft, one of the major clients of Wipro (Wipro, 2010). Organizational learning could be a crucial factor for the companies in gaining advantage in the near future. All the four tenets could be critical in organizations where emergent strategy is considered as a primary source of strategy development. Does structure follow strategy or does strategy follow structure? Organizations seek new strategies for the reason that they offer new opportunities and potential advantages. Before implementing the strategy, a variety of factors needs to be considered because it involves change and risk. The link between structure and strategy is an important aspect to be considered before implementing the strategy. Structure of an organization is a vital factor since the change in corporate strategy might require some sort of change in the manner a firm is structured and in the type of proficiency required in specific positions of the firm (Wheelen Hunger, 2008). According to Thomson Martin 2008, although structures are designed primarily and changed later to fit the intended strategies of an organization, the daily activities and behaviors of people within the structure might lead to significant emergent strategies. A traditional study conducted by Chandler concludes that structure follows strategy after he analyzed the changes in some large U.S. corporations. For example, in the periods of First World War DuPont an explosive company diversified its product range. Research shows that their business failed since they followed the same centralized organizational structure even after diversifying their product range. When they realized the problem, they shifted to decentralized structure since it was congruent with their chosen diversification strategy (Chandler, 1962). In the case of DuPont, the problem was with the structure and if their structure was congruent with their strategy, they would not have faced the problem. Similarly General Motors (GM) also shifted from centralized to decentralized multidivisional structure in 1920s and they found it to be intensely effective in permitting the freedom for product development to each division. Strategy can also follow structure. Although there is no empirical research conducted on structure directing to strategy, many authors support this fact. Although Chandler inscribes that structure follows strategy he has also told that due to the structural changes in GM, brilliant strategies were framed in the making and selling of their products (Hall and Saias, 1980). To conclude, although it is not erroneous to say that structure follows strategy since it is true in most of the cases, proficient organizational structure may also lead to the formation of new strategies. It might depend upon the type of the industry, markets and environments the firms are operating with. Give an example of an organization where resource allocation process (RAP) form part of strategy development. Resource Allocation Process (RAP): RAP is a composite and subtle process which occurs on a daily basis in all organizations. If RAP is not prioritized and linked with the intended strategy of an organization, it might create a disparity between the intended and actual strategy of the organization. In large diversified organizations, the centre plays a vital role in allocating the resources among the diverse strategies proposed by their divisional units. Even small companies operate in the same mechanism but on an informal basis (Lynch, 2009). Both emergent and intended strategic ideas can be filtered through RAP as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: (Source: Christensen Donovan, 2000) Honda at American Markets: During the post world war era, Honda was the supplier of small Supercub motorcycles in the Japanese market. Following the success in the Japanese market, Honda thought of entering the North American market by manufacturing large over the road bikes, since it was suited for American markets. It sent three of its employees to LosAngels to launch the endeavor. But Hondas large bikes were unsuccessful in American markets. After experiencing the market conditions in America, the three employees proposed a plan to sell their small Supercub motorcycles in the American market since they received an informal order for sport bikes from the buyer for the sports equipment of Sears. But the top management filtered their ideas since their strategy in American market were to sell large over the road bikes. After further failure in selling the large bikes, the management considered the plan and the results were surprising. Honda became a successful company in selling its Supercub in the American mar ket (Henry, 2008). RAP in Honda: After this experience Honda approached things in a different manner. As manufacturing volume increased, they planned for some price reduction strategies through appropriate RAP. They became the market leader and competitors were unable to compete with Honda. In terms of the Figure 1, Honda entered American market with an intended strategy and immediately after that although it got emergent inputs such as Sears buyers request of their Supercub, companys RAP filtered out those inputs, since it was not matching with its strategy. Once they persuaded corporate management to change the filter in the RAP, the constituents of winning strategy emerged. Thus, RAP played a vital role in the formation of emergent strategies and in achieving the intended strategies for Hondas success in the US motorcycle industry.

Exam for ACC

The USC requires that a HAD take an instrument in good faith. This means that Answer d. Kate must be assured in writing that the instrument has no defects. Correct Answer: Kate must have acted honestly and observed all reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. Question 3 Thomas inherits a promissory note previously held by his deceased grandfather. Thomas has no notice that the note has been dishonored or is overdue. Thomas has the rights of Answer a holder only. Question 4 4 out Of 4 points Jason, Inc. Manufactures chain saws. Margin is injured while using a chain saw manufactured by Jason, Inc. ND sues the company for product liability based on negligence. To win, Margin must show that Answer Jason, Inc. Did not use due care with respect to the chain saw. Correct Jason, Inc. Did not use due care with respect to the chain saw. Question 5 One universal defense to liability for payment on a negotiable instrument is Answer forgery Question 6 Kennedy buys a new pink scooter. Kenn edy reads in the documents included in the packaging with her scooter that it is covered by an implied warranty of merchantability; this means that Answer he scooter is reasonably fit for the ordinary purpose for which it is sold.Question 7 O out of 4 points Suppose that Ray owns a jewelry store. Ray defrauds his old Aunt Cathy out of her watch and sells the watch to Missy. If Missy does not know that the watch was acquired by fraud, what title does she take? Answer She takes avoidable title, based on Ray's avoidable title. B. She takes good title because she was a good faith purchaser. Question 8 Tom bought a new Corvette 9 months ago and planned on cruising it in Daytona. The Corvette is constantly in the shop for the first 9 months that Tom owns it.Tom is not able to drive the Corvette to Daytona because of the constant need for repairs. Tom is very frustrated. Tom may have a cause of action based upon a lemon law. A lemon law deals with Answer defective automobiles. Question 9 S cott is studying the LLC. Scott learned that one of the policies behind the USC is to encourage commerce. Thus, some of the harsh rules of contract law have been modified by the ICC. For example, under the common law of contract law, if terms were left open in a contract, there would be no agreement, no meeting of the minds, and there would be no contract.In entrant, as a general rule, under the USC if there are some open terms in a contract Answer the contract will be void because of the open terms. The contract will be valid if the parties intended to form a contract and there is a reasonable basis for the court to grant a remedy. Question 10 Under the Sac's perfect tender rule, what options does a buyer have when the seller tenders nonconforming goods? Answer The buyer must reject all of the goods. The buyer may accept all, or part, or none of the goods. Question 11 Tees has a special project. Tees has a daughter. Tees spoils her daughter.Tees wants to give her daughter the bigge st birthday celebration possible. Tees wants her daughter to have a birthday party that the other parents she knows will be talking about for years to come. As part of the decorations for the birthday party extravaganza, Tees wants to suspend a heavy, candelabra above her backyard pool. Tees goes to the local hardware Store. Tees finds a helpful sales associate. Tees details her plan to the sales associate. The sales associate suggests that Tees buy a particular brand of clear roping for the job. In reliance upon this recommendation, Tees buys the rope.

My Ethics Awareness Inventory Summary Essay

In my Ethical Awareness Inventory I believe in what is right. Ethical awareness is gaining an insight in the perspective of having the determination of what you believe is wrong or right. My beliefs in decision making and obligation are mainly in the core values of the best ethical decision and what core beliefs I believe inspire my values and morality. The core beliefs I chose were character, obligation, results, and equity. I believe an obligation to make the right decision is very important in any decision making process. Results show how a person can provide the character that motivates them in the equity that is chosen to make the right choice. Factors that influence my decision making is pressure from peers and the pressure from the above, interest groups, personal financial gain, chance to get ahead, limited information to get ahead, convenience, and threats in the workplace that are used if not abiding by the Code of Ethics, which is a document signed when hired at a place of employment. Ethical Awareness is the key to sound ethical judgment. The answers to the questions posed in the EAI Inventory will assist you to make the â€Å"right† decision, but it is important to remember that there is no easy shortcut to ethical decision making. It requires you to make an important personal judgment about a matter that will have a significant impact on the lives of real people—not some faceless mass (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2011). Obligations category defines my selections as individuals that I may work with as argumentative about the society who may not be able to work in their own best interest. Obligations to me are very important and need to look at as being at the top of a list and adhered to as promises made to be taken care of as soon as possible. In my own life the results have pretty much matched on how I am in real life, especially the personal financial gain. I always run short of money and looking for more ways to earn more. Another way is more information being available to me. I always have been willing to learn as much as I can to know about my tasks and duties within a job or even in my personal life. I was raised with strong personal ethics and apply those to my professional and personal life. In the educational field I have learned that ethics in decision making can be different than what I believe. My decision making is of right or wrong. In a professional setting the decision making can be one or the other due to the Code of Ethics and the supervisors that are the last say in a decision. My thinking has been altered to some point to obligations as to the community and diversity which shows how much we should think about the other cultures that have issues that need assistance and our ethical views which are a difference than what most are altered from my core beliefs. Reference Williams Institute(2011). (6th ed): www. ethics-twi. org info@ethics-twi. org. Retrieved April 23, 2012 from: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/Vendors/TWI/EAI/

Accounting As A Career - 2623 Words

As the decision of where I will attend college next year quickly approached, I decided to investigate the major I have chosen, Accounting. Because my goal is to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), I would like to know more of what it entails. Dealing with numbers, and recording and projecting the earnings of a company, accountants are placed with the responsibility of keeping track of the moneys of a business. God has blessed me with skills in the areas of mathematics and organization, which caused me to look for an occupation that utilizes both. Accounting seemed a logical choice since they largely work with numbers and organize their clients money. In order to become a CPA, one must receive a bachelors degree and work for a†¦show more content†¦Auditors must follow certain rules and report the facts without bias or other influences. Performing this necessary task is essential because it ensures the integrity of the financial information on which our economic system depends. 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